U.SAMYKANNU

Evolution of cellular networks Mobile connectivity has evolved from being the infrastructure for human communication to telemetry, machine-to-machine and the internet of things applications. The mobile technology evolution from 1G to 4G and 5G The first version of mobile connectivity – 1G – introduced wireless voice. In 2G, roaming and SMS messaging were introduced and were later enhanced with GPRS for data communication. SMS messaging and GPRS became widely used for basic telemetry. Roaming made mobile technology suitable for deployments in multiple countries. Telenor was one of the first operators to offer M2M communications with things connected over the 2G network as early as the 1990s. 3G became a truly global standard and combined the best of competing technologies in a single standard. 3G evolutions were mainly centered around high speed data applications. 4G introduced LTE technology used for devices constantly connected to the internet. 4G answered the consumer need for bandwi

IPv4 - Address Classes Internet Protocol hierarchy contains several classes of IP Addresses to be used efficiently in various situations as per the requirement of hosts per network. Broadly, the IPv4 Addressing system is divided into five classes of IP Addresses. All the five classes are identified by the first octet of IP Address. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is responsible for assigning IP addresses. The first octet referred here is the left most of all. The octets numbered as follows depicting dotted decimal notation of IP Address − The number of networks and the number of hosts per class can be derived by this formula − When calculating hosts' IP addresses, 2 IP addresses are decreased because they cannot be assigned to hosts, i.e. the first IP of a network is network number and the last IP is reserved for Broadcast IP. Class A Address The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (zero). Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127, i.e. Class A addres

IPv4 address class TechTarget Contributor An IPv4 address class is a categorical division of  internet protocol addresses  in IPv4-based routing. Separate IP classes are used for different types of  networks . Some are used for public internet-accessible IPs and  subnets , that is, those networks behind a  router  (as in classes A, B and C). As well, some classes are reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) for specific purposes. These special ranges are used for  multicasting  of identical data to all computers on a network or subnet or for research (as in classes D, E). Within this notation, classes are mainly differentiated by the number of bits they have for the network and the number of bits used for hosts. IP addresses are notated in four groups of three-digit representations of 8 bits of  binary  in  base 10 -formatted notation for a total of 32 bits. The groups are separated by periods starting from zero (whic

Dark web Article   Talk Language Download PDF Watch Edit This article is about darknet websites. For the part of the Internet not accessible by traditional web search engines, see  Deep web . The  dark web  is the  World Wide Web  content that exists on  darknets :  overlay networks  that use the  Internet  but require specific software, configurations, or  authorization  to access. [1] [2] [3] [4]  Through the dark web, private computer networks can communicate and conduct business anonymously without divulging identifying information, such as a user's location. [5] [6]  The dark web forms a small part of the  deep web , the part of the Web not  indexed  by  web search engines , although sometimes the term  deep web  is mistakenly used to refer specifically to the dark web. [7] [2] [8] The darknets which constitute the dark web include small,  friend-to-friend   peer-to-peer  networks, as well as large, popular networks such as  Tor ,  Freenet ,  I2P , and  Riffle  operated by pub